ืžืจื›ื– ืจืคื•ืื™ ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื‘ืืจ ื™ืขืงื‘

ื™ืฉืจืืœืžืจื›ื– ืจืคื•ืื™ ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื

 

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ื”ืขืจื•ืช 5

  • Nisim Samama ใƒ„

    Nisim Samama ใƒ„

    ::

    ื‘-1912 ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืกืจืคื ื“. ื‘ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• 100 ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื[2]. ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ืคืฆืขื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”[3][4]. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืจืฅ 1948[5][6][7][8]. ื‘-23 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1948 ื’ื ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื[9]. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืœืž"ื—. ื‘-14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1948 ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื˜ื” ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ืžืกืจืคื ื“, ืœืฉื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘-9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1948 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืจืขื™ ืคืชื—-ืชืงื•ื”, ืืฉืจ ื ืกื’ืจ, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืกืจืคื ื“ ืœืฉื ื”ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืชืืžืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘-24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1948 ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื“"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืจ (ืฉื™ื‘ื), ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืจืืฉื™, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืžืžื—ื ื” ืชืœ-ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืชืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ) ืœืžื—ื ื” ืกืจืคื ื“ (ืฆืจื™ืคื™ืŸ). ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948 ืžื•ื ื” ื“"ืจ ืœื™ืื• ื–ื™ื“ื ื‘ืจื’ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื“"ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืก' 13, ื‘ืกืจืคื ื“ (ืฆืจื™ืคื™ืŸ) ืขื 100 ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขื•ื“ 150 ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ 30 ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ื”ื—"ืŸ). ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ ืงื“ื—ืช (ืžืœืจื™ื”) ืœืฉื ื”ืžืฉืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืžื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ืคื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคื•ื ื• ืžื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘-13 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1949 ื ืคืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืกืจืคื ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืค/2 ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘-1 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1949 ื”ืชืžื–ื’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืก' 8 (ื‘ื™ืœ"ื•) ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืกืจืคื ื“. ืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” (ืžื›ืก) ืœื™ื ื“ื ืคืœื“ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืจืืฉื™. ื‘-16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1949 ืื™ืžืฅ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1951โ€“1975 ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื“"ืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื’ืœื˜ื ืจ. ื‘-1952 ื ืงืจื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื[10], ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื’ืžื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื—ืจื™ ("ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืฃ") ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืฉืคื–ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ 869 ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, 110 ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืฉืคื•ื– ื™ื•ื, 80 ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, 63 ืขืจื™ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•-21 ื—ื“ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ืžืชื•ื›ื 6 ื—ื“ืจื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืื•ืฉืคื–ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ 52,456 ื—ื•ืœื™ื, 162,018 ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ 21,792 ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, 1925 ืฆื ืชื•ืจื™ื ื•-9,2212 ืœื™ื“ื•ืช (ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2017). ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2017, ืื—ืจื™ 69 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืข"ืฉ ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืฉืžื• ื™ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจื ืข"ืฉ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช (ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš), ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื - "ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื". ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›-3,400 ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžื ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›-300 ื“ื•ื ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.

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    Oksana Kovalov

    ::

    ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื™. ื”ื›ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ - ืื™ื˜ื™ - ืื™ื˜ื™. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขืช ืฉืขื”, ืื– ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจื•ืคื ื•ื›'ื•.... ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชื™ ืจืง ืœืจื•ืคื ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืื™ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืฆืœื ื•ืžื” ื—ืกืจ ืœื”ื (ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื, ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื...) ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™. ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.

  • ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ::

    ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืคื– ืฉื ืžื•ืจื“ื ื•ืžื•ื ืฉื ืขื“ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ื•ื’ื ืกื‘ืชื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ื—ืก ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ื ื•ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื....

  • ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื ื™

    ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื ื™

    ::

    ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื .ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืžืชืคืชืœืช ืžื›ืื‘ื™ื ืืš ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” .ื ืฉืžืข ืœื™ ื”ื–ื•ื™ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘- ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืจื•ืคืื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื“ื™ื‘ื” ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”..

ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื

๐Ÿ“‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

Rv ืคืืจืง, ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ืื•ื›ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื™ื ืกื˜ืœื˜ื•ืจืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ืื‘ืื•ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืงื—ืชื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืชื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื‘ื ืงื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื’ืœืจื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืชื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื“ื•ืืจื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ืื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœื•ืชื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจื—ื“ืจ ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื—ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื™ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ืคืจื—ื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ืื—ื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืื—ื ื™ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืชื—ืฉืžืœืื™ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืขืจื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ืžืืคื™ื™ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืจืžื” 1ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืจืžื” 2ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืจืžื” 3ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืจืžื” 4ืžื—ืกืŸืžื™ืžื•ืŸืžื›ื•ืœืช ืื• ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืชืžื ืขื•ืœืŸืžืกื’ื“ืžืกืœื•ืœืžืกืขื“ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืœื—ืŸืžืฉื˜ืจื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืงืœื™ืื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ึธื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืชืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื•ืชืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜ืกืœื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ืกืคืืกืคืจื™ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”ืคึผึธืืจืงืคืืจืง ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ืืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ืฆื•ืžืชืฆื™ื™ืจืงื‘ืœืŸ ื’ื’ื•ืชืงื‘ืœืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ืงื–ื™ื ื•ืงืžืคื™ื ื’ืงื ื™ื•ืŸืงืคื˜ืจื™ื”ืจื•ึนืคึตืืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืืจืžืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืช 1ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืชืฉื˜ื—ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”ืชึทื—ึฒื ึทืช ืžึฐื›ึทื‘ึตึผื™ ืึตืฉืืชื—ื ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืงืชื—ื ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืชืชื—ื ืช ืžืขื‘ืจืชื—ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ืชืชื—ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืœื”ืชื—ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ืชืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช